John J. Pershing Jenderal Amerika Serikat

John J. Pershing, secara penuh John Joseph Pershing, nama panggilan Black Jack, (lahir 13 September 1860, Laclede, Missouri, AS — meninggal 15 Juli 1948, Washington, DC), jenderal Angkatan Darat AS yang memimpin Pasukan Ekspedisi Amerika (AEF)) di Eropa selama Perang Dunia I.

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Pershing lulus dari Akademi Militer Amerika Serikat di West Point, New York, pada tahun 1886. Dia ditugaskan sebagai letnan dua dan ditugaskan di Kavaleri ke-6, yang kemudian melakukan operasi melawan Geronimo dan Chiricahua Apache di Barat Daya. Pada tahun 1890 Pershing bertugas dalam kampanye untuk menekan gerakan Dance Ghost dan pemberontakan di antara Sioux di Wilayah Dakota, tetapi unitnya tidak berpartisipasi dalam pembantaian di Wounded Knee. Pada 1891 ia menjadi instruktur dalam ilmu militer di Universitas Nebraska, Lincoln. Sementara di sana ia juga mendapat gelar sarjana hukum (1893). Ia diangkat sebagai instruktur taktik di West Point pada tahun 1897.

Perang Spanyol-Amerika memberi Pershing peluang untuk promosi cepat. Dia melayani di Kuba melalui kampanye Santiago (1898) dan diangkat sebagai pejabat persenjataan dengan pangkat utama sukarelawan. Pada bulan Juni 1899 ia diangkat menjadi ajudan jenderal. Dia mengorganisir Biro Urusan Insuler di Departemen Perang dan bertindak sebagai kepala biro itu selama beberapa bulan. Pershing dikirim ke Filipina sebagai ajudan jenderal departemen Mindanao pada bulan November 1899. Ia diangkat menjadi kapten di pasukan reguler pada tahun 1901 dan melakukan kampanye melawan Moro hingga 1903. Pada tahun 1905 ia dikirim ke Jepang sebagai atase militer ke kedutaan AS, dan selama Perang Rusia-Jepang ia menghabiskan beberapa bulan sebagai pengamat dengan tentara Jepang di Manchuria. Sebagai pengakuan atas layanannya di Filipina, Presiden AS.Theodore Roosevelt mempromosikan Pershing menjadi brigadir jenderal dari pangkat kapten pada tahun 1906, melewati 862 perwira yang lebih senior dalam melakukannya. Pershing kembali ke Filipina dan tetap di sana sampai 1913, menjabat sebagai komandan departemen Mindanao dan gubernur Provinsi Moro. Dia selanjutnya mendapatkan perhatian sebagai komandan ekspedisi hukuman yang dikirim terhadap Pancho Villa revolusioner Meksiko, yang telah menggerebek Columbus, New Mexico, pada tahun 1916. Setelah kematian Mayor Jenderal Frederick Funston pada tahun 1917, Pershing menggantikannya sebagai komandan di AS. - Perbatasan Meksiko.Dia selanjutnya mendapatkan perhatian sebagai komandan ekspedisi hukuman yang dikirim terhadap Pancho Villa revolusioner Meksiko, yang telah menggerebek Columbus, New Mexico, pada tahun 1916. Setelah kematian Mayor Jenderal Frederick Funston pada tahun 1917, Pershing menggantikannya sebagai komandan di AS. - Perbatasan Meksiko.Dia selanjutnya mendapatkan perhatian sebagai komandan ekspedisi hukuman yang dikirim terhadap Pancho Villa revolusioner Meksiko, yang telah menggerebek Columbus, New Mexico, pada tahun 1916. Setelah kematian Mayor Jenderal Frederick Funston pada tahun 1917, Pershing menggantikannya sebagai komandan di AS. - Perbatasan Meksiko.

After the United States declared war on Germany (April 1917), Pres. Woodrow Wilson selected Pershing to command the American troops being sent to Europe. The transition from the anti-insurgency campaigns that had characterized much of Pershing’s career to the vast stagnant siege of the Western Front was an extreme test, but Pershing brought to the challenge a keen administrative sense and a knack for carrying out plans in spite of adversity. With his staff, Pershing landed in France on June 9, 1917, and that month he submitted a “General Organization Report” recommending the creation of an army of one million men by 1918 and three million by 1919. Earlier American planning had not contemplated such a large army. Having assumed that the AEF could not be organized in time to support military operations on the Western Front, the Allies had asked only for financial, economic, and naval assistance. Pershing’s recommendations regarding the numbers and disposition of troops prevailed, however, especially after Allied fortunes worsened during 1917. By early 1918, American plans had called for concentrating an independent army on the Western Front, which Pershing hoped would spearhead a decisive offensive against Germany.

The exhaustion of the Allies, stemming from the setbacks of 1917, increased their dependence on U.S. arms. It also engendered pressure on Pershing to condone the “amalgamation” of small units of American troops into European armies, as the Allies desperately wanted replacements for their depleted formations to resist expected attacks. From the start, Pershing insisted that the integrity of the American army be preserved, making a firm stand against French tutelage and the French desire to infuse the new American blood into their ranks. Pershing also opposed proposals to divert some U.S. troops to secondary theatres. The Supreme War Council, an institution established to coordinate the political-military strategy of the Allies, continually recommended amalgamation and that diversionary operations be conducted elsewhere than in France, but Pershing remained unmoved. If Pershing’s stance imposed a strain on the exhausted Allies, it was justified by the oft-cited warning against “pouring new wine into old bottles.” Pershing also felt that such an arrangement would represent an unprecedented sacrifice of national prestige. He argued that the fielding of an independent American army would be a serious blow to German morale and provide a permanent uplift to American self-confidence.

The disasters of early 1918 seemed to demonstrate the great risk that had been taken in pursuit of Pershing’s ideal. The Germans, their Western Front armies having been strongly reinforced because of the armistice recently concluded between the German-led Central Powers and Russia, embarked on a fresh wave of attacks designed to break the Allies’ will before the Americans could deploy in strength. At the Second Battle of the Somme, German armies advanced 40 miles (64 km) and captured some 70,000 Allied prisoners. When the German offensives of March–June 1918 threatened Paris, Pershing placed all his resources firmly at the disposal of French Marshal Ferdinand Foch. These pressures subsided when the Allies assumed the offensive during the summer, however, and Pershing reverted to his previous policy.

Pershing’s army never became entirely self-sufficient, but it conducted two significant operations. In September 1918 the AEF assaulted the Saint-Mihiel salient successfully. Then, at Foch’s request, later that month Pershing quickly regrouped his forces for the Meuse-Argonne offensive, despite his original plans to advance toward Metz. Though incomplete preparations and inexperience slowed the Meuse-Argonne operations, the inter-Allied offensive in France destroyed German resistance in early October and led to the Armistice the following month.

Pershing was criticized for operational and logistic errors, but his creation of the AEF was a remarkable achievement. He returned home with a sound reputation, and, on September 1, 1919, he was given the rank of general of the armies of the United States. Pershing’s nickname, “Black Jack,” derived from his service with a black regiment early in his career, had come to signify his stern bearing and rigid discipline. His determination and dedication had gained him the respect and admiration of his men, if not their affection. Eschewing politics, Pershing remained in the army, serving as chief of staff from 1921 until his retirement three years later. Pershing’s memoirs were published as My Experiences in the World War, 2 vol. (1931).